If you wish to build a visualization from the ground up, you can use the Java programming language to build an applet, or software such as Adobe Flash. Below are some resources that may help you develop a data visualization with a programming or scripting language.
Learning the Java Language
The basics of Java, an object-oriented programming language.
20 Fresh JavaScript Data Visualization Libraries
Use a combination of HTML 5, JavaScript and jQuery to build visualizations.
Cartagen
Cartagen is a vector-based, client-side framework for rendering maps in native HTML 5. Written in JavaScript, it uses the new Canvas element to load mapping data from various sources, including OpenStreetMap.