In-text citations generally include the author's last name and the publication year. When quoting directly, page numbers should be included. Notes:
Examples
Author's name in text:
The evidence of this phenomenon is proven in a study by Smith (1976).
Author's name not in text:
The evidence of this phenomenon is proven by the observation of these three behaviors (Smith 1976).
Quotation:
Smith states that "the phenomenon and patterns observed is supported by the evidence produced" (1976:33).
Two authors:
(Martin and Bailey 1988)
Three authors:
First time - (Carr, Smith, and Jones 1962)
Subsequent citations - (Carr et al. 1962)
Four or more authors:
(Johnson et al. 1964)
General Format
Last name, First name. Year. Title. Publisher's City and State: Publisher's name.
Single Author Example
Desmond, Matthew. 2016. Evicted: Poverty and profit in the American city. New York: Crown Publishers.
Multiple Author Example
Kotarba, Joseph A., and John M. Johnson. 2002. Postmodern Existential Sociology. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Chapter in a Book Format
Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Article." Pp. (with page numbers) in Title, edited by Editor Initials, Editor Last name. Publisher's City and State: Publisher's name.
Riley, Matilda White. 1985. "Women, Men, and the Lengthening Life Course." Pp. 333-47 in Gender and the Life Course, edited by A.S. Rossi. New York: Aldine.
General Format
Last name, First name. Year. "Title." Journal Title volume number(issue number): page range. DOI (for online sources).
Single Author Example
Fyfe, James J. 1982. “Blind Justice: Police Shootings in Memphis.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73(2):707-22.
Multiple Authors Examples
Coe, Deborah L., and James D. Davidson. 2011. “The Origins of Legacy Admissions: A Sociological Explanation.” Review of Religious Research 52(3):233-47.
Kalleberg, Arne L., Barbara F. Reskin, and Ken Hudson. 2000. “Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States.” American Sociological Review 65(2):256-78.
Krahn, Jessica, Vera Caine, Jean Chaw-Kant, and Ameeta E. Singh. 2018. Housing interventions for homeless, pregnant/parenting women with addictions: a systemic review. Journal of Social Distress & the Homeless 27(1): 75-88.
Electronic Article (with DOI)
Persell, Caroline Hodes, Kathryn M. Pfeiffer, and Ali Syed. 2008. "How Sociological Leaders Teach: Some Key Principles." Teaching Sociology 36(2):108-24. doi:10.1177/0092055X0803600202.
Electronic Article (no DOI)
Schafer, Daniel W. and Fred L. Ramsey. 2003. "Teaching the Craft of Data Analysis." Journal of Statistics Education 11(1). Retrieved 7 November 2012 (https:www.amstat.org/publicaitons/jse/v11n1/schafer.html).
General Format
Last name, First name. Year. "Title," Publication, Month Date, page range.
Example
Ziff, Larzer. 1995. "The Other Lost Generation," Saturday Review, February 20, pp. 15-18.
Example (Author Unknown)
Lafayette Journal & Courier. 1998. Newspaper editorial. December 12, p. A-6.
General Format
Name of author or institution. Publication Year. "Title of page." Title of Website. Publication city: name of publisher. Retrieved date from (URL).
Note: Publication city and publisher name can be omitted if unknown.
Example
ASA. n.d. "Application and Sociological Practice." American Sociological Association. Retrieved January 8, 2021 (https://www.asanet.org/topics/application-and-sociological-practice).
